Что такое Reported Speech (Косвенная речь)?
Это способ передать чьи-то слова, мысли или вопросы не дословно, а в виде пересказа. В русском языке это похоже на: "Он сказал, что...", "Она спросила, не...".
Дословная передача слов
John said: "I am hungry."Mary asked: "Do you like pizza?"He said: "I will come tomorrow."Особенности:
Кавычки, дословная передача
Пересказ слов говорящего
John said that he was hungry.Mary asked if I liked pizza.He said that he would come the next day.Особенности:
Нет кавычек, изменяются местоимения и времена
Местоимения меняются с точки зрения говорящего:
I → he/shewe → theyyou → I/he/she/we/theymy → his/herour → their"I am tired" → He said he was tired."You are right" → She told me I was right.Слова времени и места тоже меняются:
now → thentoday → that daytomorrow → the next dayyesterday → the day beforehere → therethis → that"I'll do it now" → He said he would do it then."I saw her yesterday" → He said he had seen her the day before.Сдвиг времен назад (Backshift):
Present Simple → Past SimplePresent Continuous → Past ContinuousPresent Perfect → Past PerfectPast Simple → Past Perfectwill → wouldcan → could"I work here" → She said she worked there."I can swim" → He said he could swim.| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| Present Simple "I like apples" |
Past Simple He said he liked apples |
| Present Continuous "I am reading" |
Past Continuous She said she was reading |
| Present Perfect "I have finished" |
Past Perfect He said he had finished |
| Past Simple "I saw him" |
Past Perfect She said she had seen him |
| will "I will help" |
would He said he would help |
| can "I can dance" |
could She said she could dance |
Наиболее распространенные:
said (сказал) - без указания на когоtold (сказал) - всегда с указанием комуasked (спросил) - для вопросовexplained (объяснил)suggested (предложил)promised (пообещал)Примеры:
He said (that) he was tired.She told me (that) she loved music.They asked if we were ready.Важно: После said не ставится дополнение!
После told всегда идет дополнение!
Структура: asked + if/whether + подлежащее + сказуемое
"Do you speak English?"
→ She asked if I spoke English."Are they coming?"
→ He asked whether they were coming."Can you help me?"
→ She asked if I could help her.Вопросы теряют:
• Вопросительный знак (?)
• Вспомогательный глагол в начале
• Инверсию (прямой порядок слов)
Структура: asked + вопросительное слово + подлежащее + сказуемое
"What is your name?"
→ He asked what my name was."Where do you live?"
→ She asked where I lived."When will they arrive?"
→ He asked when they would arrive.Вопросительные слова:
what, where, when, why, how, who, which, whose
Порядок слов: прямой (как в утверждении)!
Научные факты, общеизвестные истины:
"The Earth rotates around the Sun."
→ The teacher said the Earth rotates around the Sun."Water boils at 100°C."
→ He explained that water boils at 100°C."Dogs are mammals."
→ She told us that dogs are mammals.
Если ситуация все еще действительна в момент речи:
"I work in London." (и все еще работает)
→ He said he works in London."I love this song." (и все еще любит)
→ She told me she loves this song."My brother lives in Paris." (и все еще живет)
→ He said his brother lives in Paris.
Эти глаголы не меняются:
"It would be nice."
→ She said it would be nice."You should study more."
→ He told me I should study more."I might come later."
→ She said she might come later."They could help us."
→ He said they could help us.
❌ She asked where did I live.✅ She asked where I lived.❌ He asked what time was it.✅ He asked what time it was.❌ They asked if was I ready.✅ They asked if I was ready.Запомни: В косвенных вопросах прямой порядок слов (как в утверждении)!
❌ He said me that he was busy.✅ He told me that he was busy.❌ She told that she would come.✅ She said that she would come.❌ They said to us to wait.✅ They told us to wait.Правило:
• said без дополнения
• told всегда с дополнением
I → he/she
you → I/he/she
my → his/her
our → their
Present → Past
Past → Past Perfect
will → would
can → could
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → next day
here → there
Порядок слов:
Прямой (утвердительный)
Do/Does/Did → if/whether
? → .
1. Меняй местоимения с точки зрения говорящего
2. Сдвигай время назад (Backshift), если нужно
3. Меняй слова времени/места
4. В косвенных вопросах прямой порядок слов
5. said без дополнения, told с дополнением
6. Общие вопросы → if/whether
7. Не меняй время для вечных истин
8. that можно опустить в утверждениях